We, as Americans, and as a nation, are not fully living up to the revolutionary ideals upon which our republic was founded. This deeply concerns me, particularly the increasing cynicism among younger generations regarding our nation and their role in it. This perspective, unfortunately, stems from the poor examples set by recent leaders and a distorted understanding of history shaped by the pervasive influence of social media and “influencers” who prioritize views over accuracy.
“Well, Doctor, what have we got—a republic or a monarchy?
A republic, if you can keep it.” –Benjamin Franklin, 1787
With the founding of our country, the Great American Experiment was launched as the bold attempt to create a republic rooted in democratic principles, individual liberty, and self-governance—an unprecedented departure from monarchic rule. Drawing inspiration from Enlightenment ideals and classical influences, the Founders sought to balance power through a written Constitution, checks and balances, and the rule of law, while relying on civic virtue to sustain the system. This experiment remains ongoing, as the United States continues to grapple with the challenges of equality, unity, and the fulfillment of its founding promise of freedom and opportunity for all.
As an avid reader, like many leaders I know, I find inspiration in the lives of individuals who have made profound impacts on our country and the world. My extensive reading on the family of Theodore Roosevelt (TR) has deeply influenced my ideals and philosophies. Recently, during a visit (3rd time!) to the National WWII Museum in New Orleans, I was struck by the severe lack of knowledge about 20th-century events among younger visitors. This experience underscored the vital role museums play in educating future generations about crucial historical lessons. These lessons, often lost over time, highlight the enduring nature of human behavior, the fragility of institutions, and the necessity for vigilance even in times of stability. History, it seems, unfolds not in a straight line but in recurring waves, with the past continually shaping the future. This is referred to as the 100 Year Historical Cycle.
During my visit, I picked up a book about TR Roosevelt’s son, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., titled “His Father’s Son: The Life of General Ted Roosevelt, Jr.” by Tim Brady. Currently engrossed in this fascinating read, I am drawn to the remarkable life of Ted Roosevelt, Jr. My extensive reading on his father, TR, has significantly shaped my worldview, style, and accomplishments—Bully! This book, coupled with my museum experience, has profoundly influenced my thoughts during this election season. I believe the Roosevelt’s vision of American identity holds essential concepts that have been lost in our national dialogue in the 21st century, much to our detriment. Below is a discussion of these concepts and their relevance to our current situation.
The Roosevelt family’s vision of American identity emphasizes ideals such as integrity, service, and a strong sense of duty to the country. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., exemplified these principles through his distinguished military career and dedication to public service. These values are integral to fostering a sense of national pride and responsibility among citizens, especially the younger generation. By revisiting and embracing these ideals, we can inspire a renewed sense of purpose and unity in our nation.
The lessons from the past, as highlighted by the Roosevelt family and the historical narratives preserved in institutions like the National WWII Museum, offer invaluable insights into the essence of American identity. These lessons remind us of the importance of integrity, service, and civic duty. By reintroducing these concepts into our national discourse, we can address the current cynicism and foster a more informed and engaged citizenry. This approach is crucial for building a future that honors the revolutionary ideals our country was founded upon and ensures their continued relevance in the 21st century.
What follows is my exploration of our country’s potential and the enduring relevance of Americanism. By adapting to evolving societal expectations, this concept remains a vital philosophy, poised to positively guide Americans in this century and beyond.
The First Principles of the Founders
The structure of the American government embodies a thoughtful fusion of classical principles from Greek democracy and Roman republicanism, as explored in Thomas E. Ricks’ “First Principles.” This book, which I read several years ago, provides crucial insights into the origins and potential of our country. One of the most significant contributions was the separation of powers and checks and balances, directly inspired by the Roman Republic’s system of divided authority. The U.S. Constitution established three branches—executive, legislative, and judicial—to prevent any one branch from dominating. This balance of power was essential to ensure liberty and stability, as seen in Rome’s efforts to safeguard against tyranny.
The Founders’ skepticism of direct democracy also played a critical role. Influenced by the chaos of Greek mob rule, they favored a representative democracy, wherein citizens’ voices would be filtered through elected officials. This principle led to the creation of structures like the House of Representatives, the Senate, and the Electoral College, which were designed to refine public opinion and mitigate impulsive decision-making.
Virtue was another cornerstone of the Founders’ vision. Drawing on Roman and Greek models, they believed that a republic could only succeed if both its leaders and citizens embraced civic virtue, integrity, and dedication to the common good. Leaders like George Washington exemplified this ideal through their actions, such as Washington’s voluntary departure from power after two presidential terms. This emphasis on moral leadership also highlighted the importance of education. The Founders, steeped in classical texts that stressed reason and rhetoric, saw education as vital to cultivating an informed and virtuous citizenry. Figures like Thomas Jefferson promoted institutions of learning to ensure future leaders were prepared for self-governance.
The Founders’ awareness of historical failures also shaped their vision. They learned from the Roman Republic’s collapse, which stemmed from unchecked ambition, corruption, and concentrated power. As a result, they embedded mechanisms like impeachment, term limits, and ethical standards into the Constitution to prevent similar outcomes. The rule of law, another legacy of Roman legal traditions, became a cornerstone of the American system. Codified in the Constitution, the rule of law ensured that all individuals, regardless of status, would be subject to the same legal standards.
Additionally, the Founders were influenced by the idea of a mixed government, advocated by classical thinkers like Aristotle and Polybius. This approach balanced monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy to achieve stability. In the American system, these elements were embodied in the President (monarchic element), the Senate (aristocratic element), and the House of Representatives (democratic element). This careful blending of powers and principles reflected the Founders’ determination to create a stable, enduring republic.
In essence, the American government was shaped by classical principles that emphasized balanced power, virtuous leadership, representation, and the rule of law. The Founders’ deliberate efforts to learn from history—particularly the successes and failures of ancient Greece and Rome—allowed them to craft a system designed to protect liberty and prevent tyranny while fostering civic responsibility and long-term stability.
The Roosevelt’s Concept of Americanism
Americanism as espoused by Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., reflected a commitment to civic responsibility, patriotism, moral fortitude, and the belief in American exceptionalism. Both men emphasized the importance of active citizenship, personal sacrifice, and a vigorous national spirit. Below is a breakdown of their views on Americanism and how each articulated it within their roles.
1. Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919): The Philosophy of Americanism
As the 26th President of the United States, Theodore Roosevelt championed a robust vision of Americanism centered on personal responsibility, national unity, and moral strength. For Roosevelt, Americanism was not simply about claiming loyalty to the country; it was about demonstrating it through action and character.
Key Tenets of Theodore Roosevelt’s Americanism
Civic Duty and Active Citizenship: Roosevelt believed that being an American came with responsibilities. Citizens were expected to actively participate in democracy and contribute to the common good.
Quote: “The first requisite of a good citizen in this Republic of ours is that he shall be able and willing to pull his weight.”
He saw complacency as a threat to democracy and stressed the need for involvement at all levels of civic life.
Moral Integrity and Character: For Roosevelt, Americanism was built on strong character, emphasizing honesty, hard work, and perseverance. He rejected those who sought privilege without effort.
Quote: “Americanism means the virtues of courage, honor, justice, truth, sincerity, and hardihood—the virtues that made America.”
Unity and Inclusiveness: Roosevelt emphasized a unified American identity that transcended ethnic or racial differences. He rejected hyphenated identities (e.g., Irish-American, German-American) and promoted loyalty to a single, cohesive American ideal.
Quote: “There is no room in this country for hyphenated Americanism… The one absolutely certain way of bringing this nation to ruin would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities.”
Preparedness and Strength: A strong military and national defense were central to Roosevelt’s philosophy. He believed that peace could only be secured through strength, famously advocating, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
The Strenuous Life: Roosevelt celebrated the “strenuous life” as a metaphor for Americanism—a life of effort, ambition, and action. He disdained laziness, materialism, and passivity.
He believed Americans had a duty to tackle challenges, both individually and collectively, for the betterment of society and the nation.
2. Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. (1887–1944): Americanism Through Service and Sacrifice
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., the eldest son of Theodore Roosevelt, embodied the principles of Americanism his father championed but expressed them primarily through military service, leadership, and personal sacrifice.
Key Tenets of Theodore Roosevelt Jr.’s Americanism
Service to Country: Like his father, Roosevelt Jr. viewed Americanism as a call to serve the nation selflessly. This was especially evident in his military career. He served in both World War I and World War II, demonstrating a profound sense of duty and leadership.
In World War I, he fought courageously and was recognized for his valor.
In World War II, as a Brigadier General, Roosevelt Jr. famously landed with the first wave of troops on Utah Beach during D-Day in 1944. Despite his age and arthritis, he insisted on leading his men into battle, exemplifying the ideals of sacrifice and leadership.
Practical Leadership and Sacrifice: Roosevelt Jr.’s Americanism was not abstract; it was demonstrated through his actions. He believed leaders must lead by example and be willing to share the burdens of those they commanded.
At Utah Beach, he reportedly said to his men, “We’ll start the war from right here!” when their landing was off course.
His leadership and courage earned him the Medal of Honor posthumously.
The Spirit of Self-Reliance: Like his father, Roosevelt Jr. celebrated individual initiative and personal responsibility. He believed that true Americanism required citizens to act decisively and take ownership of their roles in society, whether as soldiers, workers, or leaders.
Preservation of Democracy and Freedom: Roosevelt Jr. viewed Americanism as inseparable from the defense of democratic values and freedoms. His military service was motivated by a desire to protect these ideals, particularly in the face of global threats during the World Wars.
Humility and Compassion: Despite his privileged upbringing, Roosevelt Jr. was known for his humility and connection with ordinary soldiers. He embodied the ideal of servant leadership, always placing the welfare of his men and country above his own.
Theodore Roosevelt’s vision of Americanism centered on civic responsibility, unity, and moral integrity, while Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., took those ideals and brought them to life through personal sacrifice and military leadership. Both men shared a belief in service to the nation, the importance of strength and character, and the necessity of active participation in public life. Their combined legacies reflect an enduring commitment to the values of patriotism, perseverance, and duty that define Americanism.
Could Rediscovering Rooseveltian Americanism Principles Help Heal our County?
Rooseveltian Americanism, as articulated by Theodore Roosevelt and his son, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., emphasizes unity, civic responsibility, moral integrity, and a shared commitment to the nation’s well-being. These principles are particularly relevant in addressing the current political polarization in the United States. By applying their ideas of national unity, active citizenship, and the strenuous life, Rooseveltian Americanism offers a pathway to bridge divides, reinvigorate democratic values, and promote a sense of shared purpose.
1. Promoting National Unity Over Partisanship
Theodore Roosevelt strongly rejected “hyphenated Americanism”—the division of citizens based on identity or origin—arguing that Americans should embrace a single, unified national identity. In today’s fractured political climate, this principle can be used to encourage Americans to focus on shared values and collective goals instead of partisan divisions.
Focus on a Shared American Identity: Political leaders and civic institutions can emphasize that, while Americans may hold diverse views, they are all part of a shared national story. Reframing debates as opportunities to work together for the country’s betterment can help reduce tribalism.
Modern Application: Campaigns, educational programs, and public speeches that highlight shared challenges (e.g., infrastructure, economic opportunity, national security) can promote a sense of unity.
Roosevelt’s Idea: “The one absolutely certain way of bringing this nation to ruin… would be to permit it to become a tangle of squabbling nationalities.”
Bipartisanship as a Civic Virtue: Roosevelt’s Americanism calls for leadership that prioritizes country over party. Modern leaders could revive the spirit of cooperation by promoting bipartisan initiatives that address issues affecting all Americans (e.g., healthcare, education, jobs).
2. Civic Responsibility and Active Citizenship
Theodore Roosevelt believed that citizenship carried duties as well as rights. He argued that Americans must engage in public life, contribute to their communities, and hold leaders accountable. In today’s environment, this emphasis on active, informed citizenship can reduce political apathy and rebuild trust in democratic institutions.
Civic Education: Reviving Roosevelt’s call for an educated citizenry would help counter misinformation and extremism. Schools and public programs can focus on teaching civic literacy, critical thinking, and the importance of civil debate.
Roosevelt’s Idea: “The first duty of an American citizen is that he shall work in politics.”
Local Engagement: Encouraging grassroots civic participation—volunteering, attending local meetings, and voting in all elections—can help Americans feel connected to their communities and each other. Rooseveltian Americanism stresses that real change begins with individual action.
Mutual Accountability: Americans must recognize that democracy requires compromise. Roosevelt’s emphasis on moral integrity demands that citizens engage in respectful dialogue, even with those who hold opposing views.
3. Reinvigorating the Strenuous Life to Overcome Common Challenges
Roosevelt championed the “strenuous life” as a metaphor for collective effort, sacrifice, and resilience. In today’s polarized society, Roosevelt’s idea can inspire Americans to tackle shared challenges with courage and determination, fostering a sense of common purpose.
Shared National Projects: Large-scale initiatives (e.g., rebuilding infrastructure, combating climate change, improving healthcare systems) can unite Americans around tangible goals that transcend politics. Roosevelt believed in confronting big challenges as a way to strengthen national pride.
Modern Example: A nationwide project to modernize energy systems or respond to natural disasters could bring people together, much like Americans united during World War II or after 9/11.
Personal Responsibility and Sacrifice: Roosevelt’s call for individual effort can inspire Americans to look beyond self-interest and contribute to solutions. Promoting civic habits like volunteering, community service, and environmental stewardship can bridge divides at the community level.
Roosevelt’s Idea: “The man who counts… is the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood.”
Resilience and Optimism: Roosevelt’s Americanism encouraged Americans to confront adversity head-on and maintain faith in the nation’s ability to overcome obstacles. Leaders today can inspire citizens with a vision of hope, unity, and progress.
4. Moral Integrity and Ethical Leadership
Theodore Roosevelt placed a high value on character and ethics in leadership and public life. Restoring trust in institutions and leaders requires a renewed commitment to moral integrity, transparency, and service.
Leaders as Role Models: Political and civic leaders can embody Rooseveltian principles by prioritizing truth, decency, and humility in their conduct. Leaders must demonstrate a commitment to the common good over partisan gain.
Roosevelt’s Idea: “No man is above the law, and no man is below it.”
Accountability and Honesty: Roosevelt’s disdain for corruption and dishonesty can guide reforms aimed at strengthening democratic institutions. Promoting transparency, ethical leadership, and accountability can rebuild public trust.
Service Over Self-Interest: Rooseveltian Americanism calls for leaders and citizens alike to serve the nation selflessly. This ideal can inspire young people to enter public service and emphasize governance as a calling, not a career.
5. Emphasizing Common Values and Patriotism
Roosevelt’s patriotism was grounded in love for the country’s ideals—freedom, equality, and opportunity—rather than blind allegiance. Modern leaders can embrace this constructive patriotism as a unifying force.
Celebrate American Ideals: Public discourse can refocus on the foundational principles that define America—democracy, justice, and opportunity—rather than political differences.
Symbolic Unity: National holidays, commemorations, and service projects can be used to bring people together and celebrate what unites Americans. Roosevelt often used speeches and public symbols to rally the nation around shared ideals.
Inclusion in Patriotism: Roosevelt’s belief in national unity requires that all Americans feel seen and valued. Efforts to address inequality and promote inclusion can strengthen the shared American identity.
Call to Action
Rooseveltian Americanism offers a powerful framework for healing political divisions in the United States. By emphasizing national unity, civic responsibility, moral leadership, and a shared commitment to overcoming challenges, these principles can serve as a guide for restoring trust, fostering cooperation, and rekindling a sense of collective purpose. Theodore Roosevelt’s call for the strenuous life and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.’s example of service remind Americans that their nation’s strength lies in active participation, sacrifice, and a belief in the promise of the American ideal.
Rooseveltian values can bridge divides if embraced as a common, nonpartisan ethos—a vision of Americanism rooted in unity, integrity, and the belief that, together, Americans can meet any challenge.
Closing Thought
As Benjamin Franklin was leaving Independence Hall during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a woman reportedly asked him, “Well, Doctor, what have we got—a republic or a monarchy?” Franklin’s famous response was, “A republic, if you can keep it.”
This remark underscores the fragile nature of a republic and the responsibility of its citizens to actively preserve it. Franklin’s words reflect the idea that a government based on democratic principles, liberty, and self-rule can only endure if the people remain engaged, vigilant, and committed to upholding its values. It serves as both a warning and a call to action: a republic is not self-sustaining but requires ongoing effort, civic virtue, and accountability from citizens and leaders alike.
What are you doing to meet the challenge of keeping our republic?
“The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into business processes has created a paradigm shift in how organizations approach decision-making, efficiency, and now, employee safety. In the realm of Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) performance, AI’s potential is especially transformative, due to its ability to deliver deep insights.”
–Chet Brandon & Microsoft Copilot
The American Society of Safety Professionals AI Task Force: The Role of AI in the Future of Work & Safety
I am excited by a new initiative from the The American Society of Safety Professionals. The organization is forming a time-focused task force to explore the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on safety practices across industries. They are seeking knowledgeable safety professionals to volunteer as task force members. This role will involve collaborative work to assess AI-driven strategy, safety products and services, develop case studies, and contribute to the evolution of ASSP’s education and training offerings. Review research conducted by ASSP’s Board Working Group on AI applications in safety, reviewing emerging trends, challenges, and opportunities. Review and prioritize research outcomes to identify sequencing and focus of the task force efforts. I have applied and hope to be selected for the Task Force. If you are an ASSP member, you to can apply at this link: (deadline past).
January 2025 Update: I was selected for this task force. The task force has begun its work and we’ll have feedback for the ASSP Board of Directors in time for their March meeting.
Update on the Final Work Product of ASSP‘s AI Task Force (Q2 2025)
The task force did complete its work, and that was combined with member input, and direction from ASSP‘s board, to develop 5 insights and observations regarding AI and Occupational Safety and Health:
Understanding impact on professions and jobs. AI will likely change job roles and require change management, including identifying necessary skills and providing training. However, use of AI does not reduce the role of safety professionals. Human interaction is essential as organizations cannot rely solely on AI for tasks that require human expertise and decision-making.
Improving awareness. Many OSH professionals report they lack knowledge about AI and its implications, creating a need for increased education and awareness.
Providing training and guidance. OSH professionals also indicate a need for training on intermediate-level AI, best practices and ethical implementation. Other identified needs include guidance on verifying information and improving questioning techniques, as well as resources such as articles, case studies and benchmarking.
Defining ethical implications. Concerns with the use of AI include biases and the impact on professional obligations and certifications. Members and the OSH community will look to ASSP for guidance on ethical use and implementation of AI in OSH.
Protecting privacy and data. AI raises concerns about privacy and data protection, and addressing these issues will continue to be critical to implementation and acceptance.
The final output that the task force participated in can be found on ASSP‘s website at this link:
As part of this initiative ASSP is calling for case studies demonstrating successful application of AI technology in the OSH, Sustainability and Environmental fields. ASSP also has some informative free training resources available at the above link.
Purpose of this Article
I have created the article below to capture my thoughts on the effort and identify how I could contribute. This is a thought exercise that I conducted with the help of Microsoft’s AI technology, named Copilot. I created it by inputting general and specific ideas I wanted to explore further and then adjusting my query in Copilot until it produced the answer I felt best reflected my idea and intentions. Copilot and I co-authored most of this post. ChatGPT contributed some as well and it’s interesting to see the differences in answers between the two. I’m interested in what you think of it. By the way, Copilot created the picture above from this description: Create an image of AI helping an industrial manufacturing worker.
The Origin of My Interest
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into business processes has created a paradigm shift in how organizations approach decision-making, efficiency, and now, employee safety. The ability to process vast amounts of data swiftly and accurately has provided leaders with unprecedented insights into their operations. In the realm of Safety and Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) performance, AI’s potential is especially transformative, due to its ability to focus leaders on improvement actions identified by these deep insights. This article delves into how AI enhances decision-making, improves safety management, and addresses ethical considerations, drawing on practical experiences and collaborations, including insights from my partnership with Benchmark Gensuite since 2019. But my interest in the area actually started in 2014. I have a blog post on this site from that time: Is EHS on the Verge of Disruption?
The Power of AI in Decision-Making
AI’s impact on decision-making is profound. Traditional decision-making processes often rely on historical data and human intuition, which can be biased or slow. AI, however, can analyze large datasets in real-time, identify patterns, and provide predictive insights. This capability is crucial for EHS management, where timely and accurate decisions can prevent accidents and save lives.
For example, natural language processing (NLP) can be used to analyze large volumes of text records to identify trends and inherent risks. By examining incident reports, maintenance logs, and inspection records, AI can pinpoint recurring issues and potential hazards that might be overlooked by human analysts. Similarly, deep learning algorithms can monitor real-time video feeds from the work floor, identifying at-risk behaviors of employees and flagging them for immediate action.
Practical Applications: Partnership with Benchmark Gensuite
Since 2019, I have been actively involved with Benchmark Gensuite, a leading provider of online EHS Digital Management Systems. This collaboration aims to enhance EHS management using AI technologies such as machine learning, neural networks, and NLP. By integrating these AI capabilities into Benchmark Gensuite’s commercial management systems, we have created more robust and efficient tools for managing EHS compliance. Today, this system serves over 1.5 million users worldwide.
One of the key initiatives in this collaboration is the development of AI-driven risk assessment models. These models use machine learning algorithms to analyze data from various sources, such as safety audits, incident reports, and environmental sensors. The insights generated by these models help organizations proactively address potential risks, reducing the likelihood of accidents and improving overall safety performance.
Envisioning the Future: AI in the Safety Profession
The role of AI in evolving the safety profession cannot be overstated. AI is not just a tool for improving existing processes; it is a catalyst for innovation and transformation. By leveraging AI, organizations can drive standardization in safety practices, enhance process efficiency, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements, even in resource-constrained environments.
A Discussion of AI Processes that Can Be Applied in the Work Setting
Artificial Intelligence has the potential to revolutionize employee safety in manufacturing settings by creating smarter, proactive systems that minimize risks and improve operational efficiency. By leveraging AI’s capabilities to monitor, analyze, and predict workplace conditions, manufacturers can transform their operating environments into safer, more responsive ecosystems. AI-enhanced systems can detect hazards in real time, optimize workflows to reduce human exposure to dangerous tasks, and provide data-driven insights for continuous safety improvements. These technologies not only reduce accidents and injuries but also boost productivity by ensuring a safe and compliant work environment. The methods listed below highlight how AI can be applied across various facets of safety in manufacturing, illustrating its transformative impact on employee well-being and operational excellence.
AI processes are the foundational approaches and techniques that enable artificial intelligence systems to simulate human-like intelligence by processing data, learning from it, making decisions, and performing tasks. A crucial aspect of these methods is their ability to understand context, which allows AI systems to interpret information more effectively and respond appropriately to different situations. For instance, machine learning enables AI to identify patterns and adapt over time, while natural language processing not only understands words but also the intent and nuances behind them. Similarly, deep learning models can analyze complex relationships in data, considering contextual factors to refine predictions or decisions. This capability to grasp context ensures that AI systems can deliver relevant and accurate outcomes, whether they’re diagnosing a problem, providing recommendations, or interacting naturally with humans. Contextual understanding makes AI systems smarter and more versatile, paving the way for their effective application in dynamic environments like healthcare, manufacturing, and customer service. A comprehensive discussion of most of the currently in use and near future processes is below.
Machine Learning (ML)
ML enables predictive and adaptive systems that enhance workplace safety in manufacturing. By analyzing historical accident data, supervised learning can predict high-risk scenarios, while unsupervised learning can identify hidden patterns leading to unsafe conditions. For instance, ML models could monitor machinery data to forecast failures that might cause accidents, prompting preventive maintenance and reducing risks.
Deep Learning
Deep learning processes complex data like video feeds to monitor safety compliance. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can detect unsafe behaviors, such as workers not wearing protective gear, and alert supervisors in real time. For example, a deep learning-based system could analyze CCTV footage to ensure compliance with safety protocols like hard hat usage or proper equipment handling.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
NLP interprets and processes text or speech data, improving communication and hazard reporting. Workers can use voice-activated systems powered by NLP to report safety incidents instantly, ensuring quicker response times. For example, an NLP-driven chatbot might allow employees to describe hazards in natural language, which the system categorizes and prioritizes for resolution.
How Large Language Models Relate to NLP 
Large Language Models (LLMs) are a powerful and advanced application of Natural Language Processing (NLP) — in fact, they represent one of the most significant breakthroughs in the field.
NLP is the broader domain focused on enabling machines to understand, interpret, generate, and respond to human language. It includes tasks like text classification, sentiment analysis, machine translation, question answering, and more.
LLMs, such as OpenAI’s GPT models, are built using deep learning techniques—especially transformer architectures—and are trained on massive amounts of text data to learn the statistical patterns of language. As a result, LLMs can perform a wide variety of NLP tasks without being explicitly programmed for each one. What sets LLMs apart is their ability to generate coherent, contextually relevant, and fluent language based on prompts, making them adaptable to many use cases including chatbots, document summarization, content creation, and intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs).
Computer Vision
Computer vision automates safety inspections and monitors real-time conditions. It can detect hazards, such as spills or obstructions, and notify employees or halt operations. For instance, a vision system could monitor manufacturing lines to ensure workers maintain safe distances from dangerous machinery, reducing the likelihood of accidents.
Expert Systems
Expert systems use predefined rules to assess and mitigate risks. In manufacturing, these systems can evaluate compliance with safety regulations or suggest corrective actions after identifying risks. For example, an expert system could review workplace conditions against OSHA standards and recommend safety improvements in real time.
Evolutionary Algorithms
These algorithms solve optimization problems related to safety planning. For example, genetic algorithms could optimize factory layouts to minimize worker exposure to hazardous zones. A manufacturing facility might use such algorithms to design workflows that reduce interactions between humans and heavy machinery, lowering accident rates.
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic handles uncertain or imprecise data, making it useful for real-time safety decisions. It can assess conditions such as excessive vibration or temperature changes in machinery that might signal potential hazards. For example, a fuzzy logic system could decide when to trigger alarms for borderline unsafe conditions, allowing timely interventions.
Robotics
AI-powered robots improve safety by handling dangerous tasks, such as working with hazardous chemicals or performing repetitive, injury-prone activities. For example, collaborative robots (cobots) in manufacturing can work alongside humans, taking over heavy lifting tasks to reduce worker fatigue and prevent musculoskeletal injuries.
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
This method structures and utilizes safety-related knowledge for decision-making. A knowledge graph could integrate incident data, equipment logs, and safety regulations, enabling intelligent systems to recommend actions. For example, a system might cross-reference equipment failures with historical accidents to highlight areas needing immediate attention.
Hybrid AI
Hybrid AI combines multiple techniques for comprehensive safety monitoring. For instance, integrating computer vision with ML could analyze both visual and sensor data to detect hazards more accurately. A manufacturing facility might deploy a hybrid system to ensure workers follow safety protocols while machines operate within safe parameters.
Probabilistic Methods
These methods assess risks and uncertainties to prioritize safety interventions. For example, Bayesian Networks could model the likelihood of an accident based on current conditions like machinery status and worker fatigue. A facility could use such models to predict and address high-risk situations before accidents occur.
Cognitive Computing
Cognitive systems simulate human reasoning to assist in safety decision-making. For example, a cognitive assistant might analyze a combination of weather conditions, machinery data, and worker schedules to recommend safety measures, such as delaying operations in extreme conditions.
Complex Quantitative Problem Solving
AI tools like ChatGPT can serve as powerful co-pilots for EHS professionals by handling complex quantitative tasks such as chemical exposure assessments and energetic chemical reaction analysis. They can quickly perform and explain calculations like time-weighted averages, short-term exposure limits, and adiabatic temperature rises, while also structuring hazard analysis frameworks and identifying errors in assumptions or unit conversions. These capabilities make AI valuable for speeding up routine computations, scaling exposure assessments across large datasets, and translating technical findings into clear language for broader audiences. However, accuracy depends on high-quality input data, and AI cannot replace specialized simulation software, experimental validation, or expert engineering judgment—meaning it is best applied as a decision-support tool that enhances, rather than replaces, professional oversight in safety-critical EHS work.
Quantum AI
Though emerging, quantum AI offers potential in optimizing safety-critical systems. For instance, a manufacturing plant could use quantum algorithms to optimize emergency evacuation routes considering real-time hazards, minimizing risks during accidents.
Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-agent systems involve AI agents collaborating to monitor and enforce safety. For instance, agents could simulate workflows to identify potential hazards or coordinate responses to emergencies. A manufacturing plant might use these systems to ensure multiple safety processes work in tandem, such as fire suppression and evacuation protocols.
These AI methods, tailored to specific safety challenges, can significantly reduce risks, enhance compliance, and ensure a safer environment for manufacturing workers.
Intelligent Virtual Assistant
An Intelligent Virtual Assistant (IVA) is highly relevant to occupational health and safety (OHS) professionals as it serves as a powerful tool for improving workplace safety and compliance. IVAs can assist in real-time hazard identification by monitoring data from sensors, cameras, and IoT devices, alerting professionals to potential risks. They can streamline safety reporting by enabling workers to log incidents or unsafe conditions through voice or text commands, ensuring timely documentation and response. Additionally, IVAs can deliver personalized training, answer safety-related questions, and ensure workers are informed about safety protocols. For OHS professionals, IVAs provide data insights and trend analysis, helping them identify recurring issues and implement preventive measures. By automating routine tasks and enabling better communication, IVAs empower OHS professionals to focus on strategic initiatives that enhance workplace safety and protect employees.
Empowering Manufacturing Through AI-Driven Sensemaking and Environmental Integration
The transformative potential of AI in revolutionizing manufacturing operations and the safety of those operations will be significantly amplified when integrated with a network of diverse input systems. These systems could include advanced sensors, video feeds, IoT devices, and real-time data streams, enabling the AI to achieve a sophisticated level of sensemaking. Sensemaking is the process of interpreting and understanding complex or ambiguous information to create meaningful insights and guide decision-making. By comprehensively interpreting the physical and contextual environment in which it operates, the AI can offer nuanced insights, predict challenges, and identify opportunities for optimization.
AI systems can perform a significantly deeper level of sensemaking beyond human capability due to their ability to process and integrate vast amounts of data from diverse sources at incredible speed and precision. Unlike humans, who are limited by cognitive bandwidth and biases, AI can analyze complex, multidimensional datasets simultaneously, identifying patterns, correlations, and trends that might remain imperceptible to human observers.
Additionally, AI systems can leverage advanced algorithms, such as machine learning and deep learning, to continuously refine their understanding and adapt to changing environments. They can integrate real-time data from the diverse range of input devices discussed above, and digital models, providing a comprehensive and dynamic understanding of a situation. These systems can also operate 24/7, maintaining consistency and avoiding fatigue or errors caused by human limitations.
Furthermore, AI can simulate and predict outcomes using historical data, enabling proactive decision-making. By combining cognitive computing with predictive analytics, AI can anticipate future states, assess risks, and recommend or implement optimal solutions, achieving a depth and breadth of sensemaking far beyond human capacity.
To maximize the benefits of such an AI ecosystem, its functionality should extend beyond data analysis and decision-making by connecting to an array of output devices. These devices could range from robotic actuators and autonomous machinery to interactive dashboards and augmented reality interfaces. This integration would allow the AI not only to communicate actionable insights but also to directly influence and manipulate the physical environment. Such capabilities can result in tangible enhancements in operational efficiency, proactive risk mitigation, and adaptive responses to dynamic manufacturing conditions, ultimately fostering safer, smarter, and more resilient production environments.
An advanced level of sensemaking in AI systems can revolutionize employee protection in manufacturing by enabling a holistic, proactive, and dynamic approach to workplace safety. Beyond mitigating risks, these systems free human workers to focus on areas where their unique capabilities, such as creativity, intuition, and complex problem-solving, are most effective. Here’s an expanded view:
Hazard Identification and Risk Prediction: AI systems can process inputs from multiple sources, such as IoT sensors, thermal imaging, and acoustic analysis, to detect anomalies and predict hazards with unparalleled accuracy. For example, AI can anticipate equipment failure by analyzing vibrations or thermal data, preventing accidents caused by malfunctions. This predictive capability surpasses human limitations, offering a constant safeguard against emerging risks.
Real-Time Monitoring and Alerts: With its ability to analyze vast datasets instantly, AI can monitor the workplace in real time, identifying unsafe conditions or behaviors such as machine misuse, slip hazards, or chemical leaks. Immediate alerts and automated interventions can halt potentially dangerous activities before harm occurs, significantly reducing reaction time compared to human responses.
Personalized Safety Interventions: AI can assess individual worker conditions using wearable devices that track heart rate, temperature, and movement patterns. For instance, it can detect early signs of fatigue, dehydration, or stress and recommend personalized measures, such as breaks or hydration, ensuring workers remain physically and mentally fit for their tasks.
Automation of High-Risk Tasks: Dangerous tasks, such as heavy lifting, handling hazardous substances, or working in extreme environments, can be assigned to AI-controlled robotic systems. This reduces direct human exposure to risks while maintaining productivity and precision.
Enhanced Training and Simulation: AI-driven virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) tools can immerse employees in realistic training scenarios, teaching them how to handle emergencies or follow complex safety protocols. These adaptive learning systems tailor content to individual needs, improving comprehension and retention.
Continuous Safety Improvement: AI systems can analyze historical incident data to identify trends, root causes, and potential improvements. These insights enable the implementation of evolving safety measures, ensuring a dynamic approach to workplace security.
Dynamic Environmental Adaptation: AI can instantly recalibrate safety protocols in response to changes in the work environment, such as the introduction of new machinery or workflow alterations. This ensures ongoing alignment with safety standards without human intervention.
By taking over routine, high-risk, and data-intensive tasks, AI allows human workers to focus on areas where their unique strengths shine:
Creative Problem-Solving: Humans can address complex challenges requiring innovation, such as optimizing manufacturing processes or designing new products, while AI handles routine operational decisions.
Interpersonal Communication: Employees can dedicate more time to collaborative roles, such as team leadership, mentorship, and customer engagement, fostering a culture of cooperation and continuous improvement.
Strategic Oversight: Workers can concentrate on high-level decision-making, interpreting AI-provided insights within the broader organizational context, and aligning them with business goals.
Ethical and Social Considerations: Humans are uniquely suited to consider ethical implications, cultural sensitivities, and emotional nuances that AI cannot fully comprehend. This ensures that safety and operational strategies are implemented humanely and inclusively.
Adaptability and Contextual Understanding: While AI excels in pattern recognition and prediction, humans bring context, intuition, and the ability to adapt to unforeseen circumstances, ensuring balanced decision-making.
By leveraging AI’s advanced sensemaking capabilities to enhance safety and offload repetitive or hazardous tasks, manufacturing environments can empower employees to excel in roles that require creativity, empathy, and strategic thinking. This human-AI collaboration not only creates safer workplaces but also drives innovation and workforce satisfaction.
A related by attribute of AI functionality is Situational intelligence. Situational intelligence refers to the ability to perceive, comprehend, and respond effectively to dynamic and context-specific circumstances. It involves the integration of real-time data, historical knowledge, and contextual awareness to make informed decisions or take appropriate actions in a given situation. This AI attribute improves occupational safety in manufacturing by enabling real-time monitoring and proactive risk mitigation. IoT sensors, wearable technology, and connected systems collect data on environmental conditions, equipment performance, and worker behaviors. This data is analyzed by AI to detect potential hazards such as overheating machinery, gas leaks, or unsafe worker proximity to dangerous zones. For example, sensors can alert operators when vibration levels in equipment exceed safe thresholds, preventing failures and injuries. Simultaneously, wearables can monitor worker fatigue or stress levels, issuing alerts to supervisors before accidents occur. By integrating these technologies, situational intelligence ensures dynamic risk assessment and immediate hazard detection.
AI Related Products and Services that could be Offered to Advance Manufacturing
To leverage the transformative potential of AI in improving both the physical and economic environments of manufacturing organizations, a variety of AI-related products and services can be developed. These offerings would focus on enhancing safety, efficiency, productivity, and overall business sustainability. Here’s a breakdown of key AI-driven solutions:
AI-Driven Products
Smart Sensor Systems:
IoT-enabled devices with embedded AI for real-time monitoring of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, noise, etc.) and equipment health.
Wearables for employees that track vital signs, motion, and exposure to hazardous substances, providing personalized safety feedback.
Autonomous Robotic Systems:
AI-powered robots and cobots for high-risk tasks, such as material handling, assembly, or welding in extreme environments.
Drones for facility inspections, identifying structural issues, or monitoring safety compliance in large-scale operations.
Predictive Maintenance Platforms:
AI software for analyzing machinery performance data to forecast potential breakdowns and schedule maintenance proactively, reducing downtime and repair costs.
Digital Twins:
Virtual AI-driven replicas of manufacturing facilities for simulating and optimizing workflows, testing safety measures, and identifying inefficiencies before physical implementation.
Adaptive Safety Systems:
Dynamic AI tools that adjust safety protocols in real-time based on changing conditions, such as traffic patterns in warehouses or machinery reconfigurations.
Augmented and Virtual Reality Tools:
AR/VR solutions powered by AI for immersive safety training, scenario planning, and remote troubleshooting.
AI-Powered Environmental Controls:
Systems that optimize energy use, reduce emissions, and manage waste, leveraging AI to balance sustainability goals with operational efficiency.
AI-Driven Services
Consultative Safety and Efficiency Audits:
AI-powered analytics services to assess current manufacturing practices, identify risks, and provide actionable recommendations for improving safety and productivity.
Predictive Analytics as a Service:
Subscription-based platforms that analyze operational data to predict demand fluctuations, inventory needs, and production schedules, improving economic resilience.
Custom AI Model Development:
Tailored AI solutions designed for specific manufacturing processes, such as special hazards detection and reporting, unique quality assurance systems or bespoke automation tools.
Training and Workforce Augmentation Programs:
Services offering AI-powered adaptive learning platforms to upskill workers in using advanced manufacturing technologies safely and effectively.
Real-Time Incident Response Systems:
AI-enabled 24/7 monitoring and response services to detect and address safety incidents or operational disruptions immediately.
Regulatory Compliance Support:
AI solutions that track and analyze compliance with safety, environmental, and industry regulations, offering recommendations for maintaining standards and avoiding penalties.
Sustainability Optimization Services:
Consulting and AI tools to help organizations implement energy-efficient practices, reduce waste, and meet sustainability certifications, enhancing their economic and environmental standing.
Industrial Hygiene Intelligent Management System:
Utilization of a cloud system that provides deep data analysis of IH data, develops sampling strategies based on each specific work situation being studied, and conducts real-time monitoring with instantaneous analysis and communication of results and alerts.
Integrated AI Platforms for Holistic Management
Organizations could benefit from all-in-one platforms that integrate various AI functionalities into a centralized system, such as:
Operational Digital Twins: Unified virtual environments that simulate safety, logistics, and productivity simultaneously.
AI-Driven ERP Extensions: Enhancing enterprise resource planning systems with AI for better decision-making, from procurement to delivery.
By offering these products and services, AI providers can help manufacturing organizations create safer workplaces, optimize operations, and achieve economic and environmental sustainability, fostering innovation and long-term growth
I had a fascinating conversation building on this topic of products and services for EHS in Industry with ChatGPT. Some of this output is given above but I pushed further to some interesting insights. See the full chat at: https://chatgpt.com/share/67454451-e6cc-800a-8554-60399b176b0e
Ethical Considerations and Privacy
As with any technology, the use of AI in safety management raises important ethical considerations. One of the primary concerns is data privacy. AI systems often rely on large amounts of data to function effectively, and this data may include sensitive information about employees and operations. It is crucial to develop processes that protect individual privacy while still leveraging the benefits of AI.
Utilizing AI in a manner that preserves employees personal privacy and dignity is now a crucial area of development on the path to recognizing the full potential of AI to improve the workplace. The collection and use of employee data by employers must adhere to a clear code of ethical standards that all agree with. This is needed to reduce employee resistance and ensure anticipated regulatory compliance. Employers must implement an Employee Data Bill of Rights that covers data collection and utilization subjects such as:
Purpose and Benefit – The business purpose for collecting the data.
Minimization – Only collecting what is needed for legitimate purposes.
Fairness – No groups are excessively or arbitrarily targeted.
Awareness – Employees are aware when, where and why data is being collected and utilized.
Another ethical consideration is the potential for bias in AI algorithms. If the data used to train AI models is biased, the insights generated by these models may also be biased. This can lead to unfair treatment of employees or incorrect assessments of risk. To address this issue, it is essential to use diverse and representative datasets and to continuously monitor and adjust AI algorithms to ensure fairness and accuracy.
Primed by the above discussion on ethics and privacy, I collaborated with ChatGPT to develop several versions of a standard for the topic of Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the Workplace: https://chatgpt.com/share/6745ba7d-001c-800a-89f7-4a01a2ecf816
Establishing Standards for AI in Occupational Safety
A key area of needed development in the application of AI in occupational safety is the establishment of standards for its use. These standards would provide guidelines on how to effectively implement AI in safety management processes, ensuring that the technology is used ethically and efficiently. This includes defining best practices for data collection and analysis, establishing protocols for monitoring and evaluating AI performance, and developing training programs to help employees understand and use AI tools effectively.
The development of a comprehensive consensus standard for the use of AI-enabled systems in occupational safety and health is an urgent and vital next step. In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, the integration of AI in workplace safety protocols is not just beneficial but necessary to ensure the well-being of employees. However, AI applications and methods applied to OSH is still developing, the best practices and industry consensus is yet to develop. Until these use examples have been fully developed and stabilized, the development of a consensus standard will continue to be a work in progress.
I dedicated significant time and effort to identify the key elements that such a standard must encompass. With the assistance of ChatGPT, I meticulously crafted a draft that addresses the complexities and nuances of this critical issue.
Following several rounds of revisions and expansions, I have arrived at a concept for a highly effective standard. This standard encompasses core principles such as real-time hazard detection, predictive analytics for potential safety risks, continuous monitoring and feedback loops, and ethical considerations for the deployment and use of AI technologies. By establishing such a comprehensive framework, we can enhance workplace safety, reduce accidents and injuries, and ultimately foster a healthier and more secure work environment.
The journey to develop this standard has been enlightening and challenging, but the result is a robust and adaptable blueprint that can guide organizations in leveraging AI for occupational safety and health. I am excited to share this concept and look forward to further discussions and collaborations to refine and implement these guidelines in practice. You can access the draft at this link: ISO Standard for AI-Enabled Systems in Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
Unique Perspectives and Contributions
My extensive practice in the field of occupational safety and my five-year collaboration with Benchmark Gensuite have given me a unique perspective on the development and implementation of AI in safety management. This experience has allowed me to see firsthand how AI can transform safety practices, and I am committed to sharing these insights with the broader EHS community.
In addition to my work with Benchmark Gensuite, I have actively engaged with the EHS community through presentations and discussions on the impact of AI on safety management. My involvement with the ASSP Executive Safety Forum has provided a platform to share best practices and innovations, helping to drive the adoption of AI in the safety profession.
Staying Informed and Adaptive
To stay current with AI innovations and developments, I regularly collaborate with the AI team at Benchmark Gensuite to enhance and create new AI methods. I also follow industry leaders, engage in discussions, and read extensively on the topic. This continuous learning and adaptation ensure that I am always at the forefront of AI advancements, ready to apply these innovations in practical ways.
I will share a great source of the latest tech news and innovations that I found. It’s the TLRD AI newsletter: https://tldr.tech/
Passion for Progress
I am passionate about the ongoing adaptation of our profession to the needs of tomorrow’s workforce. The rapid pace of technological advancement means that the safety profession must continuously evolve to stay relevant and effective. By leveraging AI, we can empower EHS professionals to make better decisions, improve safety outcomes, and drive substantial improvements in workplace health and safety.
One of the key outputs I hope to achieve through my involvement with the AI Task Force (if selected) is the delivery of actionable insights and recommendations for occupational safety organizations, such as ASSP, and industrial employers. These insights will help EHS practitioners leverage AI technologies to enhance their professional mission and positively influence the future of work.
The Mercurial Nature of AI Clouds Understanding of Full Potential
AI’s mercurial nature—its rapid evolution, unpredictable advancements, and shifting capabilities—poses significant challenges for establishing stable, real-world applications. The technology’s continuous and often unexpected growth makes it difficult for regulatory bodies and industry leaders to create long-term policies. By the time a framework is established, AI may have already outgrown it, leading to regulatory gaps in critical sectors like finance, healthcare, and industrial safety. Additionally, AI models trained in controlled environments frequently struggle with real-world edge cases. Factors such as changing environmental conditions, unforeseen safety risks, and complex human interactions can result in unreliable performance, which is particularly concerning for safety professionals integrating AI into industrial risk management.
Beyond these immediate challenges, AI’s unpredictable trajectory also makes it difficult to fully grasp its long-term potential. Because its capabilities are constantly evolving, industries struggle to envision all the ways AI could transform their operations. Many organizations implement AI only for narrow, well-defined tasks, missing opportunities for broader, more integrated applications that could drive efficiency and safety. This uncertainty also contributes to hesitation in investment and adoption, as businesses are unsure whether the AI tools they deploy today will remain relevant or be quickly surpassed by new advancements.
Ethical and legal concerns further complicate AI adoption, as issues like bias, accountability, and transparency remain unresolved. In safety and sustainability, for example, AI-driven decision-making can conflict with regulatory compliance if it lacks explainability. At the same time, the rapid pace of AI development outstrips workforce training efforts, creating skills gaps and resistance to adoption. Industrial workers may hesitate to trust AI-driven safety monitoring tools if they don’t understand how they function or if past implementations have been inconsistent. Compounding these issues, AI is highly dependent on data quality, but real-world applications often struggle with incomplete, biased, or dynamic data sources. An AI model trained on one facility’s incident reports may not generalize well to another with different equipment and processes, leading to unreliable performance.
To navigate these challenges, industries are prioritizing hybrid AI-human collaboration, ensuring AI augments rather than replaces human decision-making. They are also working on adaptive regulatory frameworks that can evolve alongside AI’s capabilities, developing robust validation processes to test AI in real-world conditions before full deployment, and emphasizing explainability and transparency to build trust in AI-driven applications. However, the fundamental challenge remains: AI’s unpredictable evolution makes it difficult to see its full possibilities, leaving businesses and policymakers struggling to balance short-term implementation with long-term vision.
Combating AI System Over-Reliance and Skills Atrophy
Applying Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) and Human-Centric Design (HCD) in AI-driven Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) systems ensures that automation enhances, rather than replaces, human expertise, leading to safer and more effective workplaces. HITL keeps safety professionals actively engaged by requiring human oversight in critical decision-making, reducing automation bias and ensuring that AI-generated insights are validated before implementation. This approach enhances situational awareness, prevents over-reliance on automation, and allows for adaptive responses in dynamic or high-risk environments. By integrating human expertise with AI’s analytical capabilities, OSH professionals can proactively identify hazards, assess risks, and implement controls that are both data-driven and context-aware.
Human-Centric Design (HCD) ensures that AI systems in OSH are intuitive, transparent, and aligned with worker needs, increasing user trust and adoption. By designing AI interfaces that present clear, actionable insights rather than overwhelming users with complex data, HCD enhances decision-making efficiency and effectiveness. Additionally, AI-driven safety systems designed with HCD principles can improve training, emergency response, and ergonomic risk assessments by adapting to user behavior and providing real-time feedback. This leads to more resilient and adaptive workplaces, where human workers and AI systems collaborate seamlessly to mitigate risks, reduce incidents, and promote a culture of continuous safety improvement.
The integration of AI into Safety and EHS management holds immense potential for transforming how organizations operate. By improving decision-making processes, enhancing safety practices, and ensuring ethical considerations, AI can drive significant improvements in workplace safety and health. My collaboration with Benchmark Gensuite and my engagement with the EHS community have given me valuable insights into the practical applications of AI, and I am committed to sharing these insights to help advance the safety profession.
By staying informed about AI innovations, promoting ethical standards, and fostering a culture of continuous improvement, we can ensure that AI becomes an essential tool for the EHS profession. Together, we can leverage AI to create safer, more efficient workplaces and drive the future of occupational safety and health.
Microsoft Copilot’s summary of this article
The expanded article provides an in-depth look at the transformative potential of AI in EHS management, drawing on practical experiences and collaborations to highlight the importance of leveraging AI for decision-making, safety improvements, and ethical considerations. It emphasizes the need for standards and continuous learning to ensure the effective and responsible use of AI in the safety profession.
I have recently been considering the impact of culture on the safety of complex systems, specifically chemical operations covered by the Process Safety Management standard. My supposition is that engineering and procedures factors are important building blocks to safe operations of complex systems but the culture of the group controlling the equipment is the final and powerful factor.
“While strong engineering practices are undoubtedly crucial in operations, it’s clear that a culture prioritizing the proactive identification, understanding, and management of risks consistently delivers the best outcomes.” –Chet Brandon
Examples of Negative Impacts of Culture
The Columbia Space Shuttle disaster of 2003 provides an insightful study on how culture can negatively affect complex operations. NASA’s organizational culture was a major contributor to the catastrophe. The most significant cultural element was the downplaying of the risk of space flight over time by leadership.
Other elements identified as contributors were:
Lack of communication: NASA’s organizational issues made it difficult for people to communicate candidly.
Management practices: Management techniques discouraged dissenting views on safety issues.
Acceptance of flaws: NASA’s mission managers accepted flaws in the shuttle system as normal.
Missed opportunities: NASA managers missed opportunities to evaluate possible damage to the shuttle’s heat shield.
Lack of national vision: There was no agreed national vision for human space flight.
Union Carbide’s risk-taking nature is another example of a negative culture. I was a senior EHS leader for two of Union Carbide’s former divisions, Metals and Carbon. These divisions were able to develop effective EHS processes after separating from UCC. However, I could still see the vestiges of the old UCC culture in the DNA of the organizations. This included a high tolerance for risk and overconfidence in existing controls and processes. The company was born from experimental and entrepreneurial origins and was not able to grasp the larger picture of risk created by its rapidly up-scaling industrial operations. Everything UCC built was BIG and complex! Leadership was not able to recognize the risk from these operations and include effective processes and actions in their management systems to control the risks.
Examples of Positive Impacts of Culture
A standout example of a manufacturing organization emphasizing safety and reliability is ExxonMobil, particularly within its chemical and refining operations. ExxonMobil’s “Operations Integrity Management System” (OIMS) exemplifies its dedication to systematically managing risks associated with complex industrial processes. This framework integrates safety into all aspects of operations, requiring regular audits, rigorous employee training, and detailed incident reviews to ensure continuous improvement. The organization’s strong emphasis on leadership accountability and an ingrained culture of reporting and learning from near-misses enable employees to proactively address risks, fostering an environment where operational reliability and safety are paramount.
Another notable example is Dow, a global leader in materials science and chemical manufacturing, which emphasizes safety and operational reliability through its “Dow Safety Academy” and “Operational Discipline” principles. Dow’s approach integrates robust risk management frameworks, employee training, and cutting-edge technologies to maintain safe and efficient operations. The organization emphasizes collaboration across teams to identify and mitigate risks proactively, supported by initiatives such as behavior-based safety programs and real-time monitoring systems. By fostering a culture of accountability and continuous improvement, Dow ensures the safety of its workforce and the reliable functioning of its intricate manufacturing processes. It is important to recognize that Dow was one of Union Carbide’s primary competitors and ultimately acquired UCC. Dow’s sustainability focused culture of clearly led it to the future while UCCs high risk tolerance condemned it to extinction.
My final example of an organizational culture that was highly successful operating complex systems is NASA during the Apollo missions. The Apollo mission control organization serves as a quintessential example of High-Reliability Organization (HRO) principles in action, demonstrating how complex systems can achieve exceptional safety and reliability. HRO theory emphasizes mindfulness, resilience, and a commitment to error prevention in high-stakes environments, all of which were central to NASA’s mission control approach during the Apollo program. Mission control operated with a clear prioritization of safety and a culture that empowered team members at all levels to voice concerns. This mirrors HRO principles such as “deference to expertise,” where decisions are based on the knowledge of the most informed individual rather than hierarchical rank. For example, during the Apollo 13 crisis, engineers and mission controllers collaborated across disciplines to innovate solutions in real time, showcasing adaptability and the value of diverse expertise.
Moreover, Apollo mission control adhered to the HRO principle of “preoccupation with failure,” anticipating potential failures and preparing contingencies. Rigorous simulations, redundant systems, and exhaustive checklists ensured readiness for various scenarios, fostering resilience in the face of unexpected challenges. Their “commitment to resilience” was evident in their capacity to recover and adapt rapidly during crises, such as the oxygen tank explosion on Apollo 13. The meticulous coordination of operations and an ingrained culture of learning from past missions align with HRO’s emphasis on continuous improvement and sensitivity to operations. This combination of proactive planning, adaptability, and collective accountability underscores the alignment between Apollo mission control and HRO organizational theory, highlighting the effectiveness of these principles in managing high-stakes, complex operations. A great read to learn more about this era of NASA is: Failure is Not an Option, by Gene Krantz https://www.amazon.com/Failure-Not-Option-Mission-Control/dp/1439148813
High Reliability Organization Theory as a Model Culture
High-Reliability Organizations (HROs) cultivate a culture designed to ensure the safe operation of complex manufacturing systems by embedding principles that prioritize vigilance, adaptability, and resilience. One foundational element is preoccupation with failure, which encourages organizations to remain consistently aware of potential risks, even when operations appear to be running smoothly. This mindset fosters a culture where employees are not complacent and actively seek out weak signals of potential issues, such as subtle changes in equipment performance or minor deviations from standard operating procedures. By identifying these early warning signs, HROs can address small problems before they escalate into significant failures, reinforcing the stability and safety of complex systems.
Another critical element is the commitment to resilience, which equips organizations to effectively respond to disruptions while minimizing impacts on safety and operations. Resilience is achieved through thorough training, clear protocols, and fostering a workforce that can adapt to unexpected challenges. This adaptability is supported by a culture that values learning from both successes and failures, ensuring continuous improvement. For example, when weak signals are detected—such as unusual vibration patterns in machinery—HROs mobilize cross-functional teams to analyze the root cause and implement corrective actions swiftly. This ability to detect and react to weak signals is vital in maintaining the reliability and safety of manufacturing systems, particularly in environments where small errors can propagate rapidly into catastrophic outcomes.
A third essential element is deference to expertise, which ensures that decision-making is guided by those with the most relevant knowledge, regardless of their hierarchical position. In complex manufacturing environments, this principle enables rapid and informed responses to weak signals, as specialists closest to the issue are empowered to act. For instance, if a technician notices subtle inconsistencies in system outputs, they are encouraged to escalate their concerns and collaborate with engineers or process experts without fear of dismissal. This collaborative approach not only enhances the organization’s ability to detect and address risks but also reinforces a culture of mutual respect and collective accountability. Together, these elements create an environment where the safe operation of complex manufacturing systems is not only achievable but sustainable, even in the face of evolving challenges.
This contrast between the two eras of NASA complex operations discussed above, demonstrates the elusive nature of HRO capability. High-Reliability Organization (HRO) capability is inherently elusive because it requires maintaining a delicate balance between operational discipline and adaptability, even in the face of competing demands, uncertainty and change. Achieving and maintaining this capability demands constant vigilance, robust communication, and an ingrained culture of learning, which are difficult to sustain over time. However, the benefit of persevering and cultivating HRO principles is immense: organizations achieve unparalleled safety and reliability, ensuring long-term success and resilience in managing complex systems.
I discovered the field of occupational safety and health and knew within the first 30 minutes of my first class, that this was the career I wanted to have, and the kind of people I wanted to work with. For the last 30 years it has been the greatest adventure for me and my family. Not long after realizing Occupational Safety and Health was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life, I found out about the need for, and impact of, professional volunteering. Volunteering has been an important part of my professional journey ever since.
I have been immersed in the work of the Sustainability field as well, which is a relatively new and crucial movement that the EHS field is still learning how to align with and be seen as leaders. The Sustainability movement has been recognized as an important strategy for the future by senior leaders of large organizations, as a result, the movement now has a seat at the decision-making table. Our profession can take advantage of this opportunity to have increased impact by demonstrating the unique capabilities and outcomes of effective EHS methods and concepts reliably contribute to the sustainability objective of creating organizations that are good for all stakeholders in both the current and future timeframes. My executive level work in this area provides a fresh perspective and will be helpful as the EHS profession transitions into the future, which includes a commitment to sustainable practices.
I want to be a part of leadership teams in our field that seize the moment to lead the profession into the next 100 years of successful stewardship of people’s safety and wellbeing at work and at home.
Now, as I put the effort in on my 3rd decade of work in the field, I have the strong urge to give back to the profession and the organizations that have given me so much. I am driven to take the extensive experience, knowledge and skills that I have accumulated in my Environmental, Health, Safety & Sustainability (EHS&S) practice in heavy industry, occupational medicine and volunteer organizations, and use it to provide effective leadership to allow others to discover the profession and build a successful career in it. The EHS&S profession, like society in general, is undergoing a significant transition driven by technological advances, demographic changes, and environmental challenges. This change can be uncomfortable for the established practitioners and those just entering the field, but I believe with proper coaching, communication, resources, and listening activities, we can recognize the opportunity to enhance the impact and influence of our profession in the lives of those we work to protect. I want to be a part of leadership teams in our field that seize the moment to lead the profession into the next 100 years of successful stewardship of people’s safety and wellbeing at work and at home.
I bring a wide-ranging professional perspective to the volunteer positions based on the extensive and varied work I have done in the EHS&S professions. My experience includes work as an EHS&S practitioner, senior business leader for Fortune 500 global companies, mentor, aircraft pilot, occupational medical services leader and advocate for the profession, all of which allows me to offer insightful perspectives on the strategic direction, appropriate resources and effective oversight in volunteer leadership roles.
I am deeply aware of the trends and challenges in the Environmental, Health, Safety and Sustainability fields through my extensive work as a global practitioner and executive leader, from my close relationships with organizations such as ASSP, BCSP and ISSP, along with advisory work with University OSH programs, as well as cutting edge EHS and Sustainability technology companies.
Guiding Principles for my Advocacy of EHS and Sustainability:
Championing the strategic needs of the professions. I use the knowledge and perspectives gained from my 30-plus years as a working EHS&S practitioner and Executive Business Leader to enable organizations to achieve their goals and objectives.
Driving development of new resources and programs for stakeholders. I promote original ideas to facilitate the implementation of innovative solutions for challenges facing our profession and stakeholders. This would include a heavy focus on new programs and services, meeting the needs of both current and future EHS&S professionals that increases their impact.
Stewarding the next generations of EHS&S Professionals into the field. I am passionate about demonstrating to young people the benefit of working in the EHS&S fields and the opportunity to make the world a better place for today’s and future generations. An important element of this principle is driving the realization of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion ideals in the professions.
Working to improve sustainability methods to drive greater adoption by industrial organizations. I believe sustainable human activities are the most important action we must take for the future of our kind. Industrial organizations must be committed and effective in this process. Who better to drive these organizations to meet the moment than an insider with passion!
My 30-plus years of involvement in EHS&S work in the field makes me mindful of the progress that has been made and the opportunities (as well as the obligation) to achieve yet greater results in the protection of People, Planet and Profit.
By working together, we can achieve the impactful, successful, and sustainable future we will be proud to pass on.
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world: indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” -Margaret Mead
I was recently in a conversation with a peer in our field who I greatly respect. We were discussing the most effective organizational design in large, multi-site, manufacturing enterprises to maximize the EHS performance. He was considering if the current design may not be capable of the performance aspired to by the organization. After thinking more about the conversation, I thought it might be interesting to others. I have posted a general version of it below.
The question was:
I would like to add your insight and experience to my own on this issue. My employer has EHS teams set up in a decentralized model (each local EHS team reports up to the plant manager for that facility). The risk management team is charged to lead the corporate oversight of EHS, and are responsible for developing EHS strategic initiatives for the sites to implement and execute. My experience has shown that a “center of excellence” model where all EHS reports up to an executive leader with a safety or organizational development background, maintaining operations is a key partner, delivers more consistent results relative to overall organizational expectations. I am considering if having local operations own the safety assurance function creates a potential conflict of interest that could result in poor decisions regarding safety. What are your thoughts/experience?
My response was:
Regarding these two varying models of organizational reporting for safety, I have seen both work.
If the reporting responsibility for safety goes through operations, the success depends on the operations leader who also has safety accountability. If that person is committed to both safety and effective operations, and allows the safety team to function objectively, this can be a very successful organizational structure. This is because operations owns safety and thus the results. They have no other function to place blame on. Reward systems for the ops leadership must be aligned for this to be successful, for example bonus criteria should include safety performance as a key element. The great risk of course with operations is that they will value production at all costs over all other performance concerns.
Conversely, I have seen the structure of having safety come through a center of excellence not function because of a lack of understanding by the leaders of the center of excellence. Also, in that structure it is very easy for operations to blame safety failures on the outside safety organization. Having said that, the center of excellence model strength is that it immerses the safety professionals in an atmosphere of experts, and in my opinion, drives innovation and relieves undo concern by the safety professionals for production outcomes.
So my thoughts are that it really comes down to the individual leaders. Either model will succeed or fail based on the capabilities and commitments of the leaders and the culture of the organization. In fact, as I think about it further, management culture may be the chief determinant of deciding which structure is best for the organization. These are the factors that leaders at our level (enterprise leaders for the EHS Function) must use our knowledge, experience and organizational savvy to determine how to impact the EHS org design for maximum performance.
An additional discussion of centralized vs decentralized organizational design factors impacting EHS performance can be reviewed in the ASSP Journal, Professional Safety, in the article: Organizational Reporting Structure: Its Effect on SH&E Professionals, by Wanda D. Minnick.
Another outgrowth of my model railroad hobby is my life long interest in the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) 4000 class of steam locomotives. These are commonly known as the “Union Pacific Big Boys”. They were created in the American Locomotive Company (Alco) shops in 1941-1944 in a joint effort between the UP railroad technical staff and the Alco team. UP needed the massive locomotives to handle the increased war materiel and other goods travelling east over some of the steepest mountain grades from the west coast to support the European Theater of Operations (ETO) in the Second World War. These locomotives are among the largest ever created in the world and are recognized as the most successful by far. Some quick stats on these superstars of the transportation world:
Length: 139 feet, 10 inches
Weight: 1.2 million pounds
Tractive Effort: 135,375 pounds
Horsepower: Over 6,000
Top Speed: 80 mph
Dates of Operation: 1941 to 1959
The video below really gives you a feel for the size and power of this remarkable example of engineering design and functional excellence. Turn your sound up to get the full effect!
Big Boy Pulling out of Evanston WY in 2019 (Credit: Alexander Seeley)
In 1959 these locomotives were retired from service as the technology of diesel engines overtook steam in terms of cost and efficiency. In 2019 the Union Pacific railroad brought one back to life after over 50 years of retirement. No. 4014 completed a highly successful multi-year restoration and toured the west and mid-west parts of the country as an ambassador for UP.
I ran across this video of the UP Steam Shop where No. 4014 was overhauled and is maintained. The manager of the shop, Ed Dickens, gives a great tour of the shop and explains some of the equipment used to maintain this behemoth of American Industrial Might. You will see many pieces of equipment that are still in common use today in American manufacturing and have been part of my career as a safety professional. I especially appreciate his discussion about the esthetics and functionality of the original design of the Big Boy. He speaks of the art of the craftsmen who built it in 1941 and those that maintain it today. The art of craftsmanship is one of the things that drew me into the industrial safety world; the desire to be around people who can create such functional works of art.
Watch the tour to appreciate the beauty and art of heavy industry.
Are you hooked on this rail giant now? If so there is much more on the web about the 4014 and the 4000 class. UP made a film titled “Last of the Giants” in the 1950’s about them that has some great footage and information. This continues documenting the incredible industrial organization that UP developed at the height, and twilight, of steam superpower. It is on YouTube:
A holiday tradition in my family is the Christmas train layout under the tree. It started with the birth of my son 20 years ago now. Each year we add to the layout. Truth be told though, it’s more about me than my son. I was a model railroader growing up and spent many hours reading, learning and doing what it takes to build and maintain a large layout. So this year I had a lot of work to do to put the rolling stock in order for another year of service.
As I began working on the pieces I started thinking about how much I learned about the mechanical and electrical fields as a young model railroad enthusiast. That is my actual workbench above and I used every one of those tools (and more) during my work on the rolling stock. The locomotives run on direct current electricity, sent to the engine’s electrical motor through the tracks. The DC current is generated from a transformer that converts household line alternating current (120v). The speed (power output) of the locomotive is controlled through a rheostat connected to the transformer that regulates the level of DC current supplied to the rails. The electrical current is converted to mechanical energy by the electric motor via the gear train, in combination with the weight of the locomotive, transferred through the wheels to the rails, to create tractive force.
I have often thought how much of the knowledge I now use as an EHS Professional has it’s roots in my model railroad hobby. Certainly real railroads run on the same principles, as well as many other electro-mechanical systems such as overhead cranes, rolling mills and robotic equipment. The knowledge of the actual how-to work (and trouble shooting) on these real-life systems is built on my hands-on learning with the small scale systems on my layout. A typical model locomotive, such as my new Christmas themed Lionel Berkshire Steam Locomotive (in the picture above), has a large number of simple and complex parts that work together to make the system operate. Modern model trains have sophisticated digital control systems which bring yet another important knowledge set that is directly transferable to the industrial world. The Berkshire loco is actually controlled via a bluetooth connection to my phone! This task level knowledge allows me to easily relate the concepts, factors and people present in the modern workplace.
Below is a picture of the real life 95 ton GE switcher in service at the metals production site I was the Senior Safety Engineer for some years back. It was one of two locos in service with the other being a 70 ton unit that was otherwise identical. I was responsible for the rail safety program at this site along with many other subjects. The plant has roughly 3 miles of internal track that includes a 3 story trestle. Based on our discussion on tractive force above, which locomotive would be used to move cars up and down the trestle? (answer in the comments) (Photo credit: Railpictures.net)
I wonder though, how did current generations of students moving into our field obtain these basic skills of mechanical and electrical systems? I hear so much about how the younger generations are not interested in these older hobbies that don’t have the same virtual and social component like today’s videogames do. Although I can tell you, I used my imagination to feel immersed in the world I created on my layout and enjoyed sharing it with many of my friends in person. There are other ways to learn about electrical and mechanical systems but I am sure my genuine interest at a young age helped me more easily transition from the academic environment, with little hands-on experience, to the real world where such skills are needed to be credible with the floor personnel you are interfacing with to create a safe environment.
As we know, there is much more to our profession that being a good mechanic or instrument tech. We need to know about areas of knowledge such as industrial hygiene, management systems, regulatory requirements, psychology, human physiology, leadership and adult education, to name a few. These areas of knowledge are not learned with a hobby while growing up. But, I believe these higher-level knowledge sets have overshadowed the need to have the base knowledge of how the workplace equipment actually works. The reality is that the hazards often exist in the electro-mechanical domain. In a 2016 report from the National Association of Environmental Managers (NAEM) report on EHS & Sustainability Career Profiles and Skills for Success, they concluded that “mastering this technical knowledge is critical to developing the competency to do the job well ” (p. 28).
It’s never too late to learn mechanical and electrical skills. As we have discussed, picking up a hobby, even as an adult, can be a great source of learning. The internet offers ways to learn mechanical and electrical knowledge at low or no cost. As you gain the knowledge, it is important to find a way to accumulate the experience of using it, and as we have discussed, a hobby is a great way to do it. The real message in this post is this: never quit learning. Having a Life Long Learner Mentality is critical in today’s increasingly flexible and dynamic global economy
A final thought on this post is that there may be hope for future generations of hobbyists. I visited a hobby shop to get some parts the other day and was well pleased with the number of young boys and girls in the shop looking at model trains, planes and cars. Many weren’t just window shopping but were actually buying parts and asking the questions of true model enthusiasts. They are going to be a generation with great potential as EHS Pros!
I was recently asked by the Board of Certified Safety Professionals (BCSP) to assist them in the creation of video lectures regarding a wide range of subjects related to excellence in the practice of occupational safety and health in America’s workplaces. It is an honor to collaborate with the BCSP regarding this important project for the betterment of my professional colleagues and the effectiveness of the profession overall. I was impressed with the technical capability (subject matter experts, videographers, and IT professionals) the BCSP has put together to give students a unique and enabling experience as they hone the knowledge and skills to live up the CSP designation they are pursuing.
The new educational system is the BCSP’s examCore™ on-line study aids. The system uses the latest advances in technology assisted learning to streamline the time and effort required to obtain one of the certifications from the BCSP. It’s a long way from the pencil and paper exam I took to start my journey to the CSP! Currently, the ASP prep course is in beta testing with the CSP, OHST and CHST in production. You can learn more about examCore at: examcore.com.
Passing on the hard-won knowledge I have gained across a wide-range of topics related to EHS & Sustainability success is a pursuit I am passionate about. It is partly why this website exists. I was fortunate to have great professionals from the generations before me (Babyboomers and The Greatest Generation) who took me under their wings when I was a lowly grad student looking on in awe of their mastery of the profession. I wanted so bad to be half as good as they were, and they were committed to see that I was twice a good as them! While I am far from finished with my career, I am stepping in their shoes and working to support the next generation of EHS Pros as they stand on my generations shoulders to achieve greater mastery of the occupational world. I think this work with the BCSP will be a big contributor. I have been asked to assist them next with the CHST and OHST examCore™ modules as a subject matter expert and video lecturer.
A leading business association just published an updated definition of the purpose of a corporation that represents a paradigm shift in corporate governance. The Business Roundtable is an association of chief executive officers of America’s leading companies. For over 30 years the organization has supported the primacy of the shareholder as the focal point of corporations.
“Americans deserve an economy that allows each person to succeed through hard work and creativity and to lead a life of meaning and dignity. We believe the free-market system is the best means of generating good jobs, a strong and sustainable economy, innovation, a healthy environment and economic opportunity for all.”
It was drilled into us in business school that the purpose of a business was to increase shareholder value. It always struck me as wrong headed. That said, shareholders must remain a critical stakeholder for corporations since they are lending the capital… but not the only stakeholder of concern. This theory was brought forward in the mid 1970’s from Ivy League business scholars and enthusiastically adopted by business leaders. In fairness, as originally proposed, the theory posited that the focus on increasing shareholder value should be a long-term strategy (HBR, Reclaiming the Idea of Shareholder Value). After nearly 30 years working in corporations that have built their strategies around this concept, I can tell you that this has to be one of the most destructive management philosophies. It has been so destructive, particularly in the societal area, because business leaders have practiced it exclusively as a short-term strategy. American corporate leaders universally equated shareholder value with share price, thus driving nearsighted decisions focused on increasing share prices each quarter at the expense of all other aspects of the business.
Below is the full statement from the Business Roundtable. It is refreshing to see these leaders take an enlightened view and provide inspired stewardship into the 21st century.
Americans deserve an economy that allows each person to succeed through hard work and creativity and to lead a life of meaning and dignity. We believe the free-market system is the best means of generating good jobs, a strong and sustainable economy, innovation, a healthy environment and economic opportunity for all.
Businesses play a vital role in the economy by creating jobs, fostering innovation and providing essential goods and services. Businesses make and sell consumer products; manufacture equipment and vehicles; support the national defense; grow and produce food; provide health care; generate and deliver energy; and offer financial, communications and other services that underpin economic growth.
While each of our individual companies serves its own corporate purpose, we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders. We commit to:
Delivering value to our customers. We will further the tradition of American companies leading the way in meeting or exceeding customer expectations.
Investing in our employees. This starts with compensating them fairly and providing important benefits. It also includes supporting them through training and education that help develop new skills for a rapidly changing world. We foster diversity and inclusion, dignity and respect.
Dealing fairly and ethically with our suppliers. We are dedicated to serving as good partners to the other companies, large and small, that help us meet our missions.
Supporting the communities in which we work. We respect the people in our communities and protect the environment by embracing sustainable practices across our businesses.
Generating long-term value for shareholders, who provide the capital that allows companies to invest, grow and innovate. We are committed to transparency and effective engagement with shareholders.
Each of our stakeholders is essential. We commit to deliver value to all of them, for the future success of our companies, our communities and our country.
These are great words and I am hopeful that they are the beginning of a true shift in the impact big business has on the social fabric of our country and the world. It is my firm belief that all stakeholders benefit when the impact of an organization creates virtuous cycles across the business and community aspects it touches. At this point I must comment on the fact that corporations have been quick to offer up such ideals in the past and then work quietly behind the scenes to continue their single-minded focus on share price. Business author Anand Giridharadas has been a sharp critic of such actions. His point is that as these corporations, and their leaders, have often made a public donation of note only to use their influence in government and other circles to work in the opposite direction regarding policy that protects their business and personal interests. Often, Giridharadas asserts the net impact of these conflicting actions is negative for the general public (Fortune: An Insider Takes Aim at Corporate America’s ‘Elite Charade’).
The bottom line is that the Business Roundtable’s statement is a good start, but only a start. It is up to business leaders to take this to heart and show sustained progress in improving the poor record their organizations have earned over the last 40 years. Their resolve for improvement must be strong, the fate of the American economic system just may be hanging in the balance.
I often look to NASA and the Apollo missions for examples of safety methods that were/are successful in the harshest of environments –outer space. The moon landing missions in particular represent risk management, safety engineering and operational control tools that were highly successful. Recently I was reading the authorized biography of Neil Armstrong, Commander of the Apollo 11 Lunar Mission and first human being to step on the surface of the Moon. The title of the book is First Man, by James Hansen. I ran across a description of the written procedures the astronauts and support crews used to ensure the mission was consistently safe and successful. It intrigued me that such a high tech (for the time-1969) venture relied extensively on written rules.
“One tool in particular that has been scorned is written procedures.”
Flash forward to today… Much has been written about new approaches to safety. The recent focus on Human Error, or Safety Differently (also called the New View), from visionaries such as Sidney Dekker and Todd Conklin have revealed fresh tools and techniques to continue the improvement in injury prevention outcomes. I believe these new approaches are vital to the continued vitality and relevancy of the EHS profession far into the 21st century. That said, I also think it is important to understand there are no “magic bullets” in our field. We must continue to build on, and evolve, our successful methods and concepts that have already been proven in the workplace. Our profession is science based and, like all scientific endeavors, it builds a cumulative knowledge base vetted with the experimental method.
One tool in particular that has been scorned in the new view is written procedures. The criticism is that the act of writing EHS concepts and requirements down does not guarantee compliance. I agree that simply having written procedures is not the only action required to prevent injures and accidents. However, written rules are an early step in a complete OSH management process, and they are a critical step. Below is a list of benefits that are produced by written procedures.
Benefits of Written Rules:
Capture important learnings and assumptions
Establish a standardized, organized and reproducible, method of conducting work safely
Ensure effective transfer of knowledge to new members of the group
Require disciplined thinking to formally document thus reducing errors in processes
Create a framework for delegation of decision-making
Demonstrate the organizations commitment to safety
The Apollo 11 Flight Mission Rules book is a great example of a thorough set of written procedures that capture all of the benefits identified above. First conceived for the Mercury program, the mission rules were so successful that every mission after it has it’s own mission rules, with the Apollo program’s being the most sophisticated. Take a moment to peruse the rules at the links. Note they are quite detailed covering a wide range of topics in 330 pages. It is important to understand however that the Mission Commander had the privilege of ignoring or modifying these rules if he felt crew/spacecraft safety would be jeopardized if they were followed in a specific situation. This is a precedent that still exists today in the regulations that aircraft pilots in command are required to operate by. See the discussion below about Sidney Dekker’s comments on the flexible application of rules.
“Safety comes from people being skillful at judging when and how procedures apply.”
One of the innovations in the Apollo 11 Rules I would like to take a moment to understand is the use of Go/No Go procedures. These are particularly useful for complex, high hazard, operations. With these rule an operator must meet a set of predetermined objectively measurable criteria to proceed to the next step of processes operations. I have seen Go/No Go rules used quite successfully in checklist form for combustible dust milling operations (follow this link for more discussion of Go/No Go in dust explosion prevention, Pgs 9 & 15 of the document). As a pilot I pay particular attention to the use of tools to assist operators in maintaining control of complex systems. The checklist is a common and highly effective tool used by pilots in the full range of ground and flight operations. I ran across the Apollo 11 Lunar Modules checklist. It is also very interesting to review. Recall that Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin had to bypass the planned landing target for the lunar lander and use more fuel to locate a suitable area, resulting in a closer call with fuel exhaustion than was comfortable. I am sure the use of the written procedures and the checklists played a role in the successful completion of the phase of the mission that had the most risk based on the flight planning.
In First Man it is discussed that the Mission Rules were constantly undergoing revisions (including write-ins) and additions based on new insights from practice right up to the time of launch. This is one of the keys to the proper use of written procedures. Many of the rules were conceived via discussions among experts and this tested in the simulators that astronauts continuously trained in, ensuring they were the best actions. In his excellent book The Field Guide to Understanding Human Error, which frames the “New View of Human Error“, Sidney Dekker still sees a place for written procedures. He acknowledges the need for a procedural context for work but offers some excellent refinements on how procedures should be used. Two of his suggestions are particularly insightful (p. 157):
“Safety comes from people being skillful at judging when and how procedures apply.”
“Safety improvements come from organizations monitoring and understanding the gap between procedures and practice.”
Based on my many years of practice in industrial safety, experience as an instrument rated pilot and blending the best of the “New View”, I offer the following advice on using written procedures as a component of EHS excellence.
Keys to Successful Use of Written Procedures:
They must be evergreen and continually updated to match evolving practices
The organization must have the discipline to follow them consistently
They must be readily available to those expected to follow them
Continuous effort must be made to detect deviations from the rules and address the contextual reasons for deviation (reference the first bullet above)
Consistent refreshers must occur for those expected to follow the rules
Employees must exercise their knowledge of the procedures adequately to remain proficient in their use.
Without all of the above being in place, the rules are simply a paper exercise that has minimal, if any, impact on the safety of the organization. If properly implemented, maintained and utilized however, the organization has a stable operational platform to build even more effective and aspiring execution on. There is no substitute for effective rules and procedures. History has shown us that ignoring this step puts you and your organization in peril.
A leading business association just published an updated definition of the purpose of a corporation that represents a paradigm shift in corporate governance. The Business Roundtable is an association of chief executive officers of America’s leading companies. For over 30 years the organization has supported the primacy of the shareholder as the focal point of corporations.
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LeadingEHS.com 